pic17

■ 堆積地層と石器

	デデリエ洞窟東壁の地層断面図１９９３年、デデリエ・ネアンデルタール第１号埋葬人骨が見つかった第１１層を中心とする堆積物（地層）の状態を示す。１号人骨は大きなピットの堅く締まった底のすぐ下から見つかった。ピットは紀元前６-７世紀頃に洞窟に住み着いた住人が掘ったもので、中から、石器と一緒に彼らが残した土器が大量に発見された。ピットの用途は不明である (from Akazawa et al., 2003: Fig. I-2）。
	デデリエ洞窟東壁の地層断面図洞窟の東壁に沿った部分の堆積物（地層）の状態を示す。最上層（第１層）の堆積物が後世になって削平されていることを示す。第３層と６層では多数の炉跡が見つかっている (from Akazawa et al., 2003: Fig. I-3)。
	デデリエ洞窟北壁の地層断面図デデリエ・ネアンデルタール第2号埋葬人骨が見つかった部分の堆積物（地層）の状態を示す。２号人骨は大きな落石の下に堆積していた第３層のなかで見つかった（１９９７年）(from Akazawa et al., 2003: Fig. I-4)。
	第１４層から第１２層の間で見つかった石デデリエ洞窟の中期旧石器時代の地層から見つかる石器の特徴は下層から上層まで非常によく似ている。石器の多くはネアンデルタールが考案した独特の石器製作法であるルヴァロア技法 (Levallois technique) によって作られたものである。その技法は、一方の手にもつ原石を、もう一方の手にもったハンマーで連続的に打ち欠き、それを数１０回くり返した後、最後に薄い剥片を剥がしとる、という基本的な動作からなっている。そして、ネアンデルタールがイメージした剥片の形状には三つのタイプがあった。先端の尖った三角形の輪郭をもつポイント (Point)、ずんぐりした輪郭をもつフレーク (Flake)、細長の輪郭をもつブレード (Blade) である。剥片の先端部や側縁部がさらにこまかく加工、整形され、別タイプの石器（Side-scraper）へと作り替えられている例もある。同時に、薄片を剥がし取られた石核（Core）が混ざる (from Akazawa et al., 2003: Fig. I-5)。石器の名称と出土地層（英語表記） Use-retouch Levallois blade with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 12) Double straight side-scraper with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 13) Use-retouch Levallois blade with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 13) Use-retouch Levallois blade with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 12) Convergent side-scraper with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 14) Levallois point core with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 13) Discoidal core with uni-facial flaking scars (Layer 12)
	第１４層から第１２層の間で見つかった石器石器の名称と出土地層（英語表記）(From Akazawa et al., 2003: Fig. I-6.) Notched piece on a Levallois point (Layer10) Use-retouch Levallois blade with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 10) Use-rtetouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 11) Convex side-scraper on a Levallois flake with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 10) Use-retouch Levallois blade with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 10) Backed piece on a Levallois blade with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 11) Use-retouch Levallois point with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 10) Convex side-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 11) Cortical flake with use-retouch (Layer 11) Levallois flake core with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 10) Convex side-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 11) Use-retouch Levallois flake with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 10) Use-retouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 10) Levallois point core with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 11)
	第１４層から第１２層の間で見つかった石器の一部石器の名称と出土地層（英語表記）(From Akazawa et al., 2003: Fig. I-7.) Use-retouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 8) Use-retouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 9) Use-retouch Levallois flake with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 9) Use-retouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 9) Use-retouch Levallois point with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 9) Use-retouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 7) Use-retouch Levallois blade with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 7) Mousterian point (Layer 9) Cortical flake with use-retouch (Layer 9) Convex side-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 7) End-scraper on a Levallois blade with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 8) Cortical flake with use-retouch (Layer 7) Convex side-scraper on a cortical blade (Layer 8) Straight side-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 8) Use-retouch Levallois blade with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 9) Concave side-scraper on a Levallois point flake core (Layer 9) Mousterian point (Layer 7) Levallois flake core with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 7) Levallois point core with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 8)
	第１４層から第１２層の間で見つかった石器の一部石器の名称と出土地層（英語表記）(From Akazawa et al., 2003: Fig. I-8.) Use-retouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 5) Use-retouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 6) Use-retouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 5) Use-retouch Levallois point with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 6) Use-retouch Levallois flake with muli-directional preparation scars (Layer 6) Use-retouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 6) Use-retouch Levallois blade with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 5) Straight side-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 6) Non-Levallois blade with use-retouch (Layer 4) Convex side-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 5) Convergent scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 6) Mousterian point (Layer 6) Convex side-scraper on a non-Levallois blade (Layer 4) End-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 5) Levallois blade core with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 5) Use-retouch Levallois blade with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 6) Straight side-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 5) Burin on a cortical flake (Layer 5) Retouched point on a truncated faceted Levallois flake with muli-directional preparation scars　(Layer 5)
	第１４層から第１２層の間で見つかった石器の一部石器の名称と出土地層（英語表記）(From Akazawa et al., 2003: Fig. I-9.) Use-retouch Levallois flake with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 3) Use-retouch Levallois flake with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 3) Use-retouch Levallois point with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 1) Retouched Levallois point with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 3) Use-retouch Levallois point with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 1) Use-retouch non-Levallois blade with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 3) Convex side-scraper on a cortical blade (Layer 3) End-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 1) End-scraper on a non-Levallois flake (Layer 1) Convergent scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 1) Concave side-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 1) Use-retouch non-Levallois blade with uni-directional preparation scars (Layer 1) End-scraper on a cortical flake (Layer 1) Backed piece on a cortical flake (Layer 1) Levallois point core with bi-directional preparation scars (Layer 1) Dihedral burin on a non-Levallois flake (Layer 1) Truncated faceted Levallois point (Layer 1) Use-retouch non-Levallois flake with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 1) Naviform type core with bi-directinal flaking scars (Layer 1) Levallois flake core with multi-directional preparation scars (Layer 1)